1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
© 2024 Korean Society of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention; Korean Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: all authors; Supervision: JCW; Writing–original draft: all authors; Writing–review & editing: JEL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for this study.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; EMPA-REG, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients-Removing Excess Glucose; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; DECLARE-TIMI 53, Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53; VERTIS CV, Evaluation of Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety Cardiovascular Outcomes; SOLOIST-WHF, Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; ELIXA, Evaluation of Lixisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; SUSTAIN-6, Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes; EXSCEL, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering; HARMONY, Albiglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease; AMPLITUTE-O, Effect of Efpeglenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SAVOR-TIMI 53, Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; EXAMINE, Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin Versus Standard of Care in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome; TECOS, Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin; CAMELINA, Cardiovascular Safety and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study with Linagliptin; CAROLINA, Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Modified from Kim et al. [20], available under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License.
Study | Drug | HR | 95% CI | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
SGLT2 inhibitor | ||||
EMPA-REG | Empagliflozin | 0.86 | 0.74–0.99 | Positive |
CANVAS Program | Canagliflozin | 0.86 | 0.75–0.97 | Positive |
DECLARE-TIMI 53 | Dapagliflozin | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | Neutral |
VERTIS CV | Ertugliflozin | 0.97 | 0.85–1.11 | Neutral |
SOLOIST-WHF | Sotagliflozin | 0.67 | 0.52–0.85 | Positive |
GLP-1RA | ||||
ELIXA | Lixisenatide | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | Neutral |
LEADER | Liraglutide | 0.87 | 0.78–0.97 | Positive |
SUSTAIN-6 | Semaglutide | 0.74 | 0.58–0.95 | Positive |
EXSCEL | Exenatide | 0.91 | 0.83–1.00 | Neutral |
HARMONY | Albiglutide | 0.78 | 0.68–0.90 | Positive |
AMPLITUTE-O | Efpeglenide | 0.73 | 0.58–0.92 | Positive |
DPP-4 inhibitor | ||||
SAVOR-TIMI 53 | Saxagliptin | 1.00 | 0.89–1.12 | Neutral |
EXAMINE | Alogliptin | 0.96 | ≤1.16 | Neutral |
TECOS | Sitagliptin | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 | Neutral |
CAMELINA | Linagliptin | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | Neutral |
CAROLINA | Linagliptin | 0.98 | 0.84–1.14 | Neutral |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; EMPA-REG, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients-Removing Excess Glucose; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; DECLARE-TIMI 53, Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53; VERTIS CV, Evaluation of Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety Cardiovascular Outcomes; SOLOIST-WHF, Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; ELIXA, Evaluation of Lixisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; SUSTAIN-6, Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes; EXSCEL, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering; HARMONY, Albiglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease; AMPLITUTE-O, Effect of Efpeglenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SAVOR-TIMI 53, Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; EXAMINE, Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin Versus Standard of Care in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome; TECOS, Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin; CAMELINA, Cardiovascular Safety and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study with Linagliptin; CAROLINA, Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Modified from Kim et al. [