1Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Asan Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention; Korean Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical statements
Not applicable.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: CHJ; Investigation: all authors; Writing–original draft: YKC; Writing–review & editing: CHJ.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Variable | Mortalityb) | CV eventsb) | T2Dc) | CKDd) | CRCe) | ADf) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Cho et al. [19] | Cho et al. [19] | Wang et al. [43] | Cho et al. [51] | Cho et al. [59] | Cho et al. [72] |
Baseline | ||||||
MHNO | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
MHO | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.94 (1.33–2.81) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) |
Transition | ||||||
Stable MHNO | NA | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | NA |
MHO to MHNO | 1.18 (0.87–1.61) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) | NA | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | NA | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) |
Stable MHO | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 0.31 (0.10–0.97) | 1.23 (1.04–1.44) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.62 (0.50–0.77) |
MHO to MUNO | 1.96 (1.45–2.65) | 1.23 (0.86–1.78) | 4.52 (1.28–16.04) | 1.60 (1.16–2.20) | NA | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) |
MHO to MUO | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | 3.54 (1.80–6.96) | 1.68 (1.45–1.96) | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) |
Values are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval).
MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; CV, cardiovascular; T2D, type 2 diabetes; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRC, colorectal cancer; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MHNO, metabolically healthy nonobesity; NA, not applicable; MUNO, metabolically unhealthy nonobesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity.
a)Metabolically healthy subjects were defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria as having none or one of the following risk factors: (1) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg and/or taking antihypertensive treatment; (2) triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL and/or taking antidyslipidemic medications; (3) fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL and/or taking antidiabetic medications; and (4) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women.
b)Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activities, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
c)Adjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
d)Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate.
e)Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, income, and the presence of inflammatory bowel disease.
f)Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and income.
Variable | Mortality |
CV events |
T2D |
CKD |
CRC |
AD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Cho et al. [19] | Cho et al. [19] | Wang et al. [43] | Cho et al. [51] | Cho et al. [59] | Cho et al. [72] |
Baseline | ||||||
MHNO | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
MHO | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.94 (1.33–2.81) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) |
Transition | ||||||
Stable MHNO | NA | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | NA |
MHO to MHNO | 1.18 (0.87–1.61) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) | NA | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | NA | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) |
Stable MHO | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 0.31 (0.10–0.97) | 1.23 (1.04–1.44) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.62 (0.50–0.77) |
MHO to MUNO | 1.96 (1.45–2.65) | 1.23 (0.86–1.78) | 4.52 (1.28–16.04) | 1.60 (1.16–2.20) | NA | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) |
MHO to MUO | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | 3.54 (1.80–6.96) | 1.68 (1.45–1.96) | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) |
Values are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; CV, cardiovascular; T2D, type 2 diabetes; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRC, colorectal cancer; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MHNO, metabolically healthy nonobesity; NA, not applicable; MUNO, metabolically unhealthy nonobesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity. Metabolically healthy subjects were defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria as having none or one of the following risk factors: (1) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg and/or taking antihypertensive treatment; (2) triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL and/or taking antidyslipidemic medications; (3) fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL and/or taking antidiabetic medications; and (4) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women. Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activities, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Adjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate. Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, income, and the presence of inflammatory bowel disease. Adjusted for baseline age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and income.