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HOME > Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother > Volume 4(3); 2022 > Article
Original Article
Effect of the addition of thiazolidinedione to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy on lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data
Taegyun Park1orcid, Kyungdo Han2orcid, Dongwook Shin1,3orcid, Jongho Park4orcid
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy 2022;4(3):114-122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e15
Published online: July 29, 2022

1Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea

2Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Family Medicine and Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to Shin Dongwook, MD Department of Family Medicine and Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea. E-mail: dwshin.md@gmail.com
• Received: July 6, 2022   • Accepted: July 19, 2022

Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention; Korean Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background
    Dyslipidemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that treatment with thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) may help to improve dyslipidemia in T2D patients. In this study, we investigated whether patients treated with TZD and SGLT2-i showed greater improvement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than those treated with only SGLT2-i.
  • Methods
    From the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea, we extracted all patients who first received SGTL2-i from 2014 to 2016. Propensity score matching was performed to balance the two groups: group A (SGTL2-i and TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications) and group B (SGTL2-i only without TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications). Posttreatment HDL-C levels were compared by the Student t-test.
  • Results
    In total, 1,400 T2D patients (700 in each group) were matched by propensity score matching. There was a significant posttreatment increase in HDL-C in group A (49.54±20.03 to 51.6±12.92 mg/dL, P=0.007), but not in group B (49.14±13.52 to 49.1±2.15 mg/dL, P=0.937). Group A also showed significantly higher posttreatment HDL-C levels than group B (51.4±12.92 vs. 49.1±12.15 mg/dL, P<0.001). Regarding the secondary endpoints, posttreatment triglyceride levels were lower (P<0.001), but total cholesterol (P=0.131) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.054) were not different after treatment.
  • Conclusions
    The combination of SGTL2-i and TZD may be more effective in ameliorating dyslipidemia in T2D patients than SGLT2-i alone. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Coronary artery disease and stroke are the main causes of death in T2D patients [14]. Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable factor for CVD prevention [3,4]. Therefore, the management of dyslipidemia is necessary to reduce mortality due to CVD in patients with T2D [5,6].
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are a key feature of diabetic dyslipidemia [69], as well as a major independent risk factor for CVD [10]. While statins are the mainstay of dyslipidemia management, they have limited effects on HDL-C [11]. A previous study found that HDL-C levels increased when sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were administered alone or in combination [4,7,1219]. Therefore, it was expected that a combination of TZD and SGLT2-i would increase HDL-C levels more than treatment with only SGLT2-i.
Some clinical trials have added SGLT2-i to background TZD treatment [7,17,18,20], but to our knowledge, there have been no clinical trials in which TZD was added to SGLT2-i treatment. In this study, using national health insurance data, we aimed to investigate whether treatment with a combination of TZD and SGLT2-i resulted in a greater improvement in HDL-C levels than treatment with SGLT2-i alone.
Ethical statement
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sungkyunkwan University (No. 2021-05-017). Participants who underwent national health checkup examinations provided written informed consent for the use of their data for research purposes. All personal information was deleted, and only de-identified data were included in the analysis.
Study setting and data source
Korea has a mandatory social health insurance system, called the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), which is run by the government (i.e., the Ministry of Health and Welfare). The entire Korean population is covered by the NHIS, except for the lowest-income segment of the population (approximately 3%), who are covered by medical aid. In Korea, all medical providers are compulsorily designated by the NHIS, and the providers must register all disease diagnoses, medical procedures, and drug prescription information for reimbursement from the NHIS. All administrative procedures for NHIS subscribers and the medical aid population are performed by the NHIS, which is a public corporation.
The Korean government also operates the National Health Screening Program (NHSP). All insured adults are eligible for a regular health checkup every 2 years. In 2014, the target population's participation rate in the program's general health examination was 74.8% [21]. Currently, Korea's NHSP is the world's most extensive health screening program.
This retrospective study used the NHIS database. The NHIS maintains five databases: the qualification database, the national health checkup database, the medical use database, the long-term care insurance database (since 2014), and the healthcare provider database [22]. The NHIS operates the National Health Information Sharing Service to support policies and academic research by providing information (Wonju, NHIS; https://nhiss.nhis.or.kr). The NHIS databases have been extensively used for medical and health policy research.
For this research, we used a custom NHIS database, which was designed according to the researchers’ needs [22]. Data extraction was performed by medical record technicians at the NHIS Center, who had no conflicts of interest related to this study.
Study population
We extracted 129,666 T2D patients (International Classification of Diseases 10th revision [ICD-10] codes, E10–E14) who were first prescribed SGLT2-i from the NHIS database from October 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016. Of these, 127,066 adults aged 30 years or older were selected.
The index date was the first prescription date for T2D patients who first received SGTL2-i between 2014 and 2016. As of the index date, T2D patients who had not received a medical examination during the previous 2 years and within 2 years thereafter were excluded. We also excluded patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10, E10) and gestational diabetes mellitus (ICD-10, O244 and O249) from January 1, 2002 to the index date.
The group with TZD prescriptions was defined as patients who were also prescribed TZD at the time of the first prescription of SGTL2-i, and it excluded patients who received only SGTL2-i. Subsequently, we performed propensity score matching (PSM), which is known to reduce confounding in observational studies [23]. All possible covariates, including demographic and medical information (Table 1) were included in PSM, and logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the propensity scores in a logistic model. We set the caliper for nearest-neighbor matching within the first 4 to 8 digits, allowing PSM at a 1:1 ratio. Finally, 700 patients were obtained for each group: group A (SGTL2i and TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications) and group B (SGTL2i only without TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications) (Fig. 1).
Study endpoint
The primary endpoint was the posttreatment HDL-C level. The secondary endpoints were posttreatment triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) levels.
Statistical analysis
The absolute value of the standardized mean difference (ASD) was used to determine the balance before and after PSM, and an ASD <0.1 was used to determine whether all covariates were sufficiently balanced through PSM. Since PSM was performed and baseline characteristics of groups A and B were comparable, differences in the study endpoints between groups A and B were compared with the Student t-test without consideration of the baseline characteristics. In addition, the paired t-test was used to analyze differences between the pre- and posttreatment values within each group. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Patient disposition and baseline characteristics
After PSM, 1,400 patients (700 patients in each group) were included in the analysis. The characteristics of groups A and B before and after PSM are compared in Table 1. The ASDs of all covariates were below 0.1, indicating that the two groups were sufficiently balanced after PSM (Table 1).
Comparison of the primary outcome HDL-C
In the posttreatment comparison conducted using the Student t-test, group A showed significantly higher HDL-C levels (51.4±12.92 vs. 49.1±12.15 mg/dL, P<0.001) than group B. When comparing the pretreatment and posttreatment HDL-C levels within each group, a significant increase was found in group A (49.54±20.03 to 51.6±12.92 mg/dL, P=0.007), whereas no significant change was observed in group B (49.14±13.52 to 49.1±2.15 mg/dL, P=0.937) (Table 2).
Changes in the secondary outcomes
In the posttreatment comparison conducted using the Student t-test, group A showed significantly lower TG levels than group B (120.51 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval [CI] 115.6–126.62 mg/dL vs. 135.59 mg/dL, 95% CI 129.98–141.43 mg/dL; P<0.001). When comparing the pretreatment and posttreatment TG levels within each group, a significant decrease was observed in group A (141.53 mg/dL [95% CI, 135.71–147.6 mg/dL] to 120.51 mg/dL [95% CI, 115.6–125.62 mg/dL]; P<0.001), but not in group B (141.15 mg/dL [95% CI, 135.7–147.6 mg/dL] to 135.59 mg/dL [95% CI, 129.98–141.43 mg/dL]; P=0.056).
No statistically significant differences were found between groups A and B in the posttreatment comparisons of TC levels (167.4±41.49 mg/dL vs. 165.85±40.71 mg/dL, P=0.479) and LDL-C levels (88.23±36.05 mg/dL vs. 86.13±33.76 mg/dL, P=0.261) using the Student t-test. However, both groups showed significant decreases in these parameters in comparisons between pretreatment and posttreatment values. TC levels decreased from 176.01±44.08 to 167.4±41.49 mg/dL (P<0.001) in group A and from 176.48±41.25 to 165.85±40.71 mg/dL (P<0.001) in group B. LDL-C levels decreased from 94.9±36.15 to 88.23±36.05 mg/dL (P<0.001) in group A and from 95.62±37.01 to 86.13±33.76 mg/dL (P<0.001) in group B (Table 2).
In this study, we tried to determine whether dyslipidemia could be improved by using TZD in combination with SGTL2-i. Although our study was an observational study, we tried to reduce the differences between the groups by using PSM, and our real-world data might be useful considering that no clinical trial data regarding this question are available yet.
An increase in HDL-C levels was observed only in patients who were prescribed SLGT2-i and TZD (group A), who had higher posttreatment HDL-C levels than patients who were prescribed SGLT2-i only (group B). These results suggest that the combination of TZD and SGLT2-i might be helpful for the improvement of HDL-C. Many previous studies have confirmed that TZD significantly increases HDL-C levels [12,15,16,24]. Although it has been accepted that the increase in HDL-C levels with TZD treatment is entirely due to an increase in the HDL3 subfraction, the mechanism by which TZD induces alterations in the HDL3 subfraction remains unclear [25].
SGTL2-i medications are generally considered to improve HDL-C, but unexpectedly, the present study using NHIS data found no increase in HDL-C levels with SGTL2-i treatment. A possible explanation might be that previous studies inconsistent results were reported regarding the effects of different SGLT2-i drugs on HDL-C levels [2224], which is relevant since group B in our real-world study used various types of SGTL2-i (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ipragliflozin). In addition, treatment persistence and/or adherence might not have been optimal in this study population compared to a clinical trial. Limitations of insurance benefits for SGTL2-i and TZD may also be a factor (Fig. 2).
TG is also an important aspect of diabetic dyslipidemia and a substantial risk factor for atherosclerotic CVD in patients with T2D [26]. In patients who were prescribed SLGT2-i and TZD (group A), the posttreatment TG levels were lower than in those who were prescribed SGLT2-i only (group B). This is in line with the results of previous studies showing a decrease in TG with TZD treatment [15,27,28].
LDL-C and TC levels decreased after treatment within groups A and B, but the posttreatment comparison between groups A and B did not yield significant results. TZD showed a consistent LDL-C reduction effect [15,28], while SGTL2-i slightly increased LDL-C levels [14], although differences were observed depending on the specific drugs or doses. Variations in the types and doses of SGTL2-i were not considered in this study, but should be investigated in future research.
There are several limitations of this study. First, the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was created for entitlement and reimbursement management; therefore, it lacks clinical information, such as why patients were prescribed specific antidiabetic drugs. While we tried to balance the two groups with PSM, there could have still been some unmeasured confounders. Second, the number of patients in each group was small, at 700. Currently, the reimbursement of oral antidiabetic drugs is limited to two drugs, and the patient must pay for a third drug. As most people are prescribed metformin as the first-line drug, the number of patients who are prescribed both SGLT2-i and TZD is limited. Therefore, although this was a nationwide study, the sample size was only 700 patients and a more detailed analysis was not possible. Third, our endpoint of the lipid profile is only a proxy marker of CVD. Fourth, information about the concomitant use of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs was lacking. Further research is needed to clarify whether improving the lipid profile could lead to a reduced risk of coronary artery disease.
In conclusion, our study results suggest that a combination of SGTL2-i and TZD might be more effective for improving dyslipidemia than SGLT2-i alone in T2D patients. Our findings are consistent with the recommendations for using TZD in the American Diabetes Association guidelines for T2D patients with a higher CVD risk, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Ethical statements

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sungkyunkwan University (No. 2021-05-017). Participants who underwent national health checkup examinations provided written informed consent for the use of their data for research purposes. All personal information was deleted, and only de-identified data were included in the analysis.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding

None.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: TP, KH, DS; Data curation: KH, TP; Formal analysis: KH, TP; Methodology: DS, TP, KH; Project administration: DS, TG, HK; Supervision: DS; Validation: DS, TP, KH, JP; Writing–original draft: TP, KH, DS, JP; Writing–review & editing: TP, JP, KH, DS.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Fig. 1.
Patient disposition. SGLT2-I, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione.
cpp-2022-4-e15f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Insurance benefits for antidiabetic agents in Korea based on the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Pioglitazone is 100% covered by the patient. MET, metformin; SU, sulfonylurea; a-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione; DPP4-i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT2-i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
cpp-2022-4-e15f2.jpg
Table 1.
PSM in patients treated with SGLT2-i with or without TZDs
Variable Before PSM
After PSM
Group A (n=702) Group B (n=45,850) ASD Group A (n=700) Group B (n=700) ASD
Index year
 2014 108 (15.38) 5,164 (11.26) 0.1215 107 (15.29) 112 (16.00) 0.0195
 2015 331 (47.15) 19,434 (42.39) 0.0958 330 (47.14) 337 (48.14) 0.0200
 2016 263 (37.46) 21,252 (46.35) 0.1809 263 (37.57) 251 (35.86) 0.0355
Hypertension 455 (64.81) 29,175 (63.63) 0.0246 453 (64.71) 455 (65.00) 0.0061
Dyslipidemia 514 (73.22) 32,360 (70.58) 0.0588 513 (73.29) 520 (74.29) 0.0227
Income (lowest 20%) 122 (17.38) 8,811 (19.22) 0.0476 122 (17.43) 132 (18.86) 0.0371
Smoke
 Nonsmoker 343 (48.86) 25,627 (55.89) 0.1411 343 (49.00) 332 (47.43) 0.0314
 Ex-smoker 190 (27.07) 9,794 (21.36) 0.1336 189 (27.00) 201 (28.71) 0.0382
 Current smoker 169 (240.7) 10,429 (22.75) 0.0312 168 (24.00) 167 (23.86) 0.0033
Alcohol drinking
 None 393 (55.98) 27,052 (59.00) 0.0611 393 (56.14) 382 (54.57) 0.0316
 Mild 247 (35.19) 15,114 (32.96) 0.0471 246 (35.14) 261 (37.29) 0.0447
 Heavy 62 (8.83) 3,684 (8.03) 0.0288 61 (8.71) 57 (8.14) 0.0205
Regular exercise 153 (21.79) 9,693 (21.14) 0.0158 153 (21.86) 148 (21.14) 0.0175
Medication when first prescribed SGTL2-i
 Insulin 52 (7.41) 3,283 (7.16) 0.0096 51 (7.29) 37 (5.29) 0.0824
 GLP-1 2 (0.28) 6 (0.01) 0.071 2 (0.29) 2 (0.29) 0.0000
 ≥3 Oral agents 614 (87.46) 15,798 (34.46) 1.294 612 (87.43) 608 (86.86) 0.0170
Medication during 1 yr prior to the first SGTL2-i prescription
 Insulin 114 (16.24) 6,396 (13.95) 0.064 113 (16.14) 104 (14.86) 0.0354
 Sulfonylurea 451 (64.25) 25,342 (55.27) 0.1839 450 (64.29) 464 (66.29) 0.0420
 Metformin 627 (89.32) 40,632 (88.62) 0.0223 626 (89.43) 645 (92.14) 0.0938
 Meglitinides 10 (1.42) 368 (0.80) 0.0592 10 (1.43) 9 (1.29) 0.0121
 TZD 604 (86.04) 7,259 (15.83) 1.9727 602 (86.00) 604 (86.29) 0.0084
 DPP4-i 556 (79.20) 28,523 (62.21) 0.38 556 (79.43) 575 (82.14) 0.0688
 AGI 58 (8.26) 2,201 (4.80) 0.1404 57 (8.14) 68 (9.71) 0.0551
 GLP-1 2 (0.28) 153 (0.33) 0.0091 2 (0.29) 5 (0.71) 0.0596
Male sex 464 (66.10) 25,195 (54.95) 0.2296 462 (66.00) 457 (65.29) 0.0150
Age (yr) 56.34±9.97 55.62±10.13 0.0716 56.33±9.96 55.67±10.14 0.0658
Height (cm) 165.02±9.26 163.63±9.17 0.1506 165.02±9.27 164.88±8.72 0.0154
Weight (kg) 72.83±14.82 73.30±14.04 0.0323 72.83±14.87 73.13±13.56 0.0212
Body mass index (kg/m2), 26.61±4.02 27.26±4.00 0.162 26.61±4.02 26.79±3.79 0.0460
Waist circumference (cm) 89.12±9.95 89.73±9.84 0.0623 89.10±9.95 89.31±9.36 0.0210
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 126.95±14.27 127.62±14.39 0.0463 126.94±14.29 127.28±14.44 0.0236
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 77.89±9.81 78.59±9.74 0.0719 77.90±9.82 77.94±9.20 0.0042
Glucose (mg/dL) 166.19±58.77 157.49±54.34 0.1536 166.25±58.79 170.96±58.98 0.0801
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 175.97±44.05 182.61±48.75 0.1429 176.01±44.08 176.48±41.25 0.0110
HDL-C (mg/dL) 49.51±20.01 48.86±13.21 0.0385 49.54±20.03 49.14±13.52 0.0235
LDL-C (mg/dL) 96.20±51.49 100.30±44.32 0.0854 94.90±36.15 95.62±37.01 0.0199
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 26.84 (25.41–27.83) 28.22 (28.03–28.34) 0.1097 26.58 (25.16–27.56) 26.84 (25.50–27.77) 0.0203
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 29.08 (27.25–30.35) 31.50 (31.24–31.67) 0.1366 28.79 (26.98–30.05) 29.08 (27.22–30.38) 0.0043
Ttriglyceride (mg/dL) 141.17 (132.47–147.26) 148.41 (147.27–149.18) 0.083 141.17 (132.45–147.26) 141.17 (132.31–147.37) 0.0047
rGTP (IU/L) 37.34 (34.26–39.53) 38.86 (38.47–39.12) 0.0578 37.34 (34.26–39.53) 36.97 (34.07–39.02) 0.0085
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 90.41±25.79 91.16±29.32 0.0272 90.41±25.82 91.31±25.59 0.0350
Fatty liver index 49.39±26.90 52.96±26.69 0.1332 49.39±26.89 49.99±26.29 0.0254
Diabetes mellitus duration (yr) 9.05±4.06 7.07±4.72 0.4497 9.05±4.07 9.29±4.10 0.0586
Previous index date (day) 353.92±230.97 347.79±230.95 0.0265 354.09±230.94 345.30±223.00 0.0387
Next index date (day) 330.82±215.76 329.50±214.20 0.0061 330.71±216.06 345.45±226.62 0.0666

Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or geometric mean (95% confidence interval).

PSM, propensity score matching; SGLT2-i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione; ASD, absolute standardized difference; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; DPP4-i, dipetidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; rGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2.
Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors with or without thiazolidinedione treatment in propensity score-matched type 2 diabetes patients (n=1,400)
 Variable Pretreatement Posttreatement P-value P-valuea)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Group A 49.54±20.03 51.60±12.92 0.007 <0.001
 Group B 49.14±13.52 49.10±12.15 0.937
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
 Group A 141.53 (135.71–147.60) 120.51 (115.60–125.62) <0.001 <0.001
 Group B 141.15 (135.21–147.34) 135.59 (129.98–141.43) 0.056
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Group A 176.01±44.08 167.40±41.49 <0.001 0.131
 Group B 176.48±41.25 165.85±40.71 <0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Group A 94.90±36.15 88.23±36.05 <0.001 0.054
 Group B 95.62±37.01 86.13±33.76 <0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or geometric mean (95% confidence interval). The Student t-test was used to compare posttreatment differences between groups A and B. Pretreatment values after propensity score matching were assumed to be the same.

HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

a)Student t-test.

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Figure & Data

References

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    • SGLT2 Inhibitor Use and Risk of Dementia and Parkinson Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
      Hae Kyung Kim, Geert Jan Biessels, Min Heui Yu, Namki Hong, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Minyoung Lee
      Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

    Figure
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    Effect of the addition of thiazolidinedione to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy on lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data
    Image Image
    Fig. 1. Patient disposition. SGLT2-I, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione.
    Fig. 2. Insurance benefits for antidiabetic agents in Korea based on the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Pioglitazone is 100% covered by the patient. MET, metformin; SU, sulfonylurea; a-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione; DPP4-i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT2-i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
    Effect of the addition of thiazolidinedione to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy on lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data
    Variable Before PSM
    After PSM
    Group A (n=702) Group B (n=45,850) ASD Group A (n=700) Group B (n=700) ASD
    Index year
     2014 108 (15.38) 5,164 (11.26) 0.1215 107 (15.29) 112 (16.00) 0.0195
     2015 331 (47.15) 19,434 (42.39) 0.0958 330 (47.14) 337 (48.14) 0.0200
     2016 263 (37.46) 21,252 (46.35) 0.1809 263 (37.57) 251 (35.86) 0.0355
    Hypertension 455 (64.81) 29,175 (63.63) 0.0246 453 (64.71) 455 (65.00) 0.0061
    Dyslipidemia 514 (73.22) 32,360 (70.58) 0.0588 513 (73.29) 520 (74.29) 0.0227
    Income (lowest 20%) 122 (17.38) 8,811 (19.22) 0.0476 122 (17.43) 132 (18.86) 0.0371
    Smoke
     Nonsmoker 343 (48.86) 25,627 (55.89) 0.1411 343 (49.00) 332 (47.43) 0.0314
     Ex-smoker 190 (27.07) 9,794 (21.36) 0.1336 189 (27.00) 201 (28.71) 0.0382
     Current smoker 169 (240.7) 10,429 (22.75) 0.0312 168 (24.00) 167 (23.86) 0.0033
    Alcohol drinking
     None 393 (55.98) 27,052 (59.00) 0.0611 393 (56.14) 382 (54.57) 0.0316
     Mild 247 (35.19) 15,114 (32.96) 0.0471 246 (35.14) 261 (37.29) 0.0447
     Heavy 62 (8.83) 3,684 (8.03) 0.0288 61 (8.71) 57 (8.14) 0.0205
    Regular exercise 153 (21.79) 9,693 (21.14) 0.0158 153 (21.86) 148 (21.14) 0.0175
    Medication when first prescribed SGTL2-i
     Insulin 52 (7.41) 3,283 (7.16) 0.0096 51 (7.29) 37 (5.29) 0.0824
     GLP-1 2 (0.28) 6 (0.01) 0.071 2 (0.29) 2 (0.29) 0.0000
     ≥3 Oral agents 614 (87.46) 15,798 (34.46) 1.294 612 (87.43) 608 (86.86) 0.0170
    Medication during 1 yr prior to the first SGTL2-i prescription
     Insulin 114 (16.24) 6,396 (13.95) 0.064 113 (16.14) 104 (14.86) 0.0354
     Sulfonylurea 451 (64.25) 25,342 (55.27) 0.1839 450 (64.29) 464 (66.29) 0.0420
     Metformin 627 (89.32) 40,632 (88.62) 0.0223 626 (89.43) 645 (92.14) 0.0938
     Meglitinides 10 (1.42) 368 (0.80) 0.0592 10 (1.43) 9 (1.29) 0.0121
     TZD 604 (86.04) 7,259 (15.83) 1.9727 602 (86.00) 604 (86.29) 0.0084
     DPP4-i 556 (79.20) 28,523 (62.21) 0.38 556 (79.43) 575 (82.14) 0.0688
     AGI 58 (8.26) 2,201 (4.80) 0.1404 57 (8.14) 68 (9.71) 0.0551
     GLP-1 2 (0.28) 153 (0.33) 0.0091 2 (0.29) 5 (0.71) 0.0596
    Male sex 464 (66.10) 25,195 (54.95) 0.2296 462 (66.00) 457 (65.29) 0.0150
    Age (yr) 56.34±9.97 55.62±10.13 0.0716 56.33±9.96 55.67±10.14 0.0658
    Height (cm) 165.02±9.26 163.63±9.17 0.1506 165.02±9.27 164.88±8.72 0.0154
    Weight (kg) 72.83±14.82 73.30±14.04 0.0323 72.83±14.87 73.13±13.56 0.0212
    Body mass index (kg/m2), 26.61±4.02 27.26±4.00 0.162 26.61±4.02 26.79±3.79 0.0460
    Waist circumference (cm) 89.12±9.95 89.73±9.84 0.0623 89.10±9.95 89.31±9.36 0.0210
    Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 126.95±14.27 127.62±14.39 0.0463 126.94±14.29 127.28±14.44 0.0236
    Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 77.89±9.81 78.59±9.74 0.0719 77.90±9.82 77.94±9.20 0.0042
    Glucose (mg/dL) 166.19±58.77 157.49±54.34 0.1536 166.25±58.79 170.96±58.98 0.0801
    Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 175.97±44.05 182.61±48.75 0.1429 176.01±44.08 176.48±41.25 0.0110
    HDL-C (mg/dL) 49.51±20.01 48.86±13.21 0.0385 49.54±20.03 49.14±13.52 0.0235
    LDL-C (mg/dL) 96.20±51.49 100.30±44.32 0.0854 94.90±36.15 95.62±37.01 0.0199
    Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 26.84 (25.41–27.83) 28.22 (28.03–28.34) 0.1097 26.58 (25.16–27.56) 26.84 (25.50–27.77) 0.0203
    Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 29.08 (27.25–30.35) 31.50 (31.24–31.67) 0.1366 28.79 (26.98–30.05) 29.08 (27.22–30.38) 0.0043
    Ttriglyceride (mg/dL) 141.17 (132.47–147.26) 148.41 (147.27–149.18) 0.083 141.17 (132.45–147.26) 141.17 (132.31–147.37) 0.0047
    rGTP (IU/L) 37.34 (34.26–39.53) 38.86 (38.47–39.12) 0.0578 37.34 (34.26–39.53) 36.97 (34.07–39.02) 0.0085
    GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 90.41±25.79 91.16±29.32 0.0272 90.41±25.82 91.31±25.59 0.0350
    Fatty liver index 49.39±26.90 52.96±26.69 0.1332 49.39±26.89 49.99±26.29 0.0254
    Diabetes mellitus duration (yr) 9.05±4.06 7.07±4.72 0.4497 9.05±4.07 9.29±4.10 0.0586
    Previous index date (day) 353.92±230.97 347.79±230.95 0.0265 354.09±230.94 345.30±223.00 0.0387
    Next index date (day) 330.82±215.76 329.50±214.20 0.0061 330.71±216.06 345.45±226.62 0.0666
     Variable Pretreatement Posttreatement P-value P-valuea)
    HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
     Group A 49.54±20.03 51.60±12.92 0.007 <0.001
     Group B 49.14±13.52 49.10±12.15 0.937
    Triglyceride (mg/dL)
     Group A 141.53 (135.71–147.60) 120.51 (115.60–125.62) <0.001 <0.001
     Group B 141.15 (135.21–147.34) 135.59 (129.98–141.43) 0.056
    Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
     Group A 176.01±44.08 167.40±41.49 <0.001 0.131
     Group B 176.48±41.25 165.85±40.71 <0.001
    LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
     Group A 94.90±36.15 88.23±36.05 <0.001 0.054
     Group B 95.62±37.01 86.13±33.76 <0.001
    Table 1. PSM in patients treated with SGLT2-i with or without TZDs

    Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or geometric mean (95% confidence interval).

    PSM, propensity score matching; SGLT2-i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione; ASD, absolute standardized difference; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; DPP4-i, dipetidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; rGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

    Table 2. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors with or without thiazolidinedione treatment in propensity score-matched type 2 diabetes patients (n=1,400)

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or geometric mean (95% confidence interval). The Student t-test was used to compare posttreatment differences between groups A and B. Pretreatment values after propensity score matching were assumed to be the same.

    HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

    Student t-test.


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