Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy

Review Articles

Relationship between autonomic and peripheral neuropathies and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: Jae-Seung Yun; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(4):123-127. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e17

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Abstract PDF: This review explores the complex relationship between diabetic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Neuropathy, a common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is divided into autonomic and peripheral types, each impacting cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, a form of autonomic neuropathy, is associated with various CVD complications, including arrhythmias, impaired nocturnal blood pressure regulation, and increased mortality. The prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy varies depending on the type and duration of diabetes and is influenced by factors like glycemic control and metabolic stress. Peripheral polyneuropathy, which is often linked to diabetic foot disease, is also correlated with elevated CVD risk; research suggests shared pathophysiological mechanisms between peripheral neuropathy and cardiovascular conditions. Screening for neuropathies using tools like the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument and heart rate variability analyses can facilitate early detection of CVD risk. Additionally, emerging technologies, like deep learning models, have demonstrated promise in detecting early cardiovascular patterns associated with autonomic neuropathy through electrocardiogram analysis. These findings underscore the value of integrating novel diagnostic approaches for early intervention. As CVD represents a leading cause of death among patients with diabetes, this article emphasizes the need for thorough assessment and proactive management of neuropathy to mitigate cardiovascular risk. The review recommends a multidisciplinary approach to diabetes care, including early screening, accurate risk stratification, and targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or slow the progression of CVD in patients with autonomic and peripheral neuropathies. Further research is warranted to clarify the optimal intervention strategies for reducing CVD risk in these populations.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in cardiocerebrovascular disease: Jin Joo Park; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(4):103-108. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e16

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Abstract PDF: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of global mortality, necessitating effective strategies for prevention and treatment. The cardiovascular disease continuum concept highlights the progression from risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus to advanced stages, including heart failure (HF) and death. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed to manage diabetes, have emerged as effective therapies across all stages of the cardiovascular disease continuum. Numerous cardiovascular outcome trials demonstrate that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalizations for HF in patients with and without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Notably, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown remarkable benefits in reducing HF risk, even in patients without diabetes, including those with HF and preserved ejection fraction. Furthermore, recent studies in post–myocardial infarction patients suggest potential benefits in reducing hospitalizations for HF. Despite their widespread use, the precise mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors confer cardiovascular protection remain unclear, suggesting the need for further investigation. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitors have revolutionized cardiovascular disease management, offering significant therapeutic potential across a broad spectrum of patients, and are expected to play an increasingly prominent role in both the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Paradigm shift from glucocentric to organ protection for the management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: Jie-Eun Lee, Jong Chul Won; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2024;6(4):116-122. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2024.6.e15

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Abstract PDF: The UK Prospective Diabetes Study was the first study to investigate the effectiveness of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Since then, many studies have evaluated the impact of intensive glycemic control on diabetes-related morbidities and mortality. The results of these studies were intended to change the paradigm for controlling glycated hemoglobin and preventing diabetes-related complications, but the beneficial outcomes were limited to microvascular diseases rather than diabetes-related cardiorenal diseases and deaths. This has emphasized the need for comprehensive management of other risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, renal failure, etc.) in addition to hyperglycemia to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Since 2008, clinical trials to demonstrate cardiovascular safety have shown a beneficial effect of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on macrovascular or renal complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, major societies around the world including the Korean Diabetes Association, have shifted the goals of diabetes management from the typical glucocentric view to cardiorenal outcome-oriented (organ protection) care, which has been widely accepted and is gradually applied to primary care.

Original Article

Correlation between metformin intake and prostate cancer: Raeun Kim, Minsun Song, Jiwon Shinn, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(3):91-97. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e12

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Abstract PDF

Background
The relationship between metformin intake and prostate cancer incidence remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the correlation between prostate cancer and metformin use.
Methods
The subjects were diabetes patients aged ≥50 years who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and had undergone surgery at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. Groups taking metformin (MET(+) group) and not taking metformin (MET(–) group) were divided and compared.
Results
The mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the MET(–) and MET(+) groups were 10.7±11.9 and 8.0±5.6 ng/mL, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.387). The average prostate volume of the MET(–) group was 82.4±98.0 mL, and the average prostate volume of the MET(+) group was 55.4±20.1 mL, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.226). The mean PSA velocity also did not show a significant difference between the two groups (0.025±0.102 ng/mL vs. 0.005±0.012 ng/mL, P=0.221).
Conclusions
We did not identify a significant positive correlation between metformin and prostate cancer. However, preoperational PSA and PSA velocity tended to be lower in the MET(+) group. A sophisticated prospective study with a large sample size should be planned.

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Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Diabetes mellitus and cancer: Jae Won Hong; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(3):69-73. Published online July 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e9

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Abstract PDF

Diabetes mellitus and cancer are the most common life-threatening illnesses worldwide. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested a strong association between diabetes mellitus and an increased risk of cancer. Potential biological mechanisms underlying this relationship include obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. The most common diabetes-related cancers are pancreatic, hepatocellular, breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. Special attention should be paid to patients with diabetes through careful cancer screening and preventive anticancer strategies.

Citations

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Repurposing metabolic regulators: antidiabetic drugs as anticancer agents
Yogita Dhas, Nupur Biswas, Divyalakshmi M.R., Lawrence D. Jones, Shashaanka Ashili
Molecular Biomedicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Obesity and 30-day case fatality after hyperglycemic crisis hospitalizations in Korea: a national cohort study: Hojun Yoon, Hyun Ho Choi, Giwoong Choi, Sun Ok Song, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(3):74-80. Published online July 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e10

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
We determined the case fatality rate associated with hospitalization due to hyperglycemic crises and investigated the relationship between obesity status and case fatality for hyperglycemic crises.
Methods
From the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, 729 adults who visited the emergency room or were hospitalized due to hyperglycemic crises between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019, were included. Preobesity or obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥23.0 kg/m2. Case fatality rates are presented as the proportion of adults who died within 30 days of hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 30-day fatalities according to preobesity or obesity status.
Results
The 30-day case fatality rate for hyperglycemic crises was 11.2%. In those aged ≥65 years, the fatality rate was twice as high as that in those aged 20 to 64 years (13.8% vs. 6.8%). Adults with preobesity or obesity had a lower fatality rate than those with normal weight (9.5% vs. 14.0%). After adjustment for confounding variables, preobesity or obesity was found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk for 30-day case fatality compared to normal weight (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40–0.98).
Conclusions
In Korea, hyperglycemic crises had a high fatality rate. Management needs to be improved to prevent hyperglycemic crises and reduce mortality.

Correlation analysis of cancer incidence after pravastatin treatment: Jin Yu, Raeun Kim, Jiwon Shinn, Man Young Park, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023;5(2):61-68. Published online April 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2023.5.e6

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Abstract PDF: Background
Few studies have investigated the cancer-preventive effects of statins, which are known to protect against cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, we analyzed the degree to which pravastatin, a low-potency statin, could prevent cancer.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Patients diagnosed with diabetes after the age of 50 years were divided into a pravastatin group and a control group that did not receive any statin prescriptions.
Results
This study included 557 patients in the pravastatin group and 2,221 patients in the control (no statin) group. During the 5-year follow-up, the incidence of cancer was 16.7% (93 of 557 patients) in the pravastatin group and 19.9% (442 of 2,221 patients) in the control group. The incidence of cancer was 22% higher in the control group than in the pravastatin group (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.52; P=0.09). Death from various causes occurred at a 45% higher frequency in the control group than in the pravastatin group (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–2.12; P=0.06). However, neither of those relationships reached statistical significance.
Conclusions
Although pravastatin use did not show a significant causal relationship with cancer incidence, fewer cases of cancer occurred in pravastatin users than in controls. However, further large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings.

Review Article

The effects and side effects of liraglutide as a treatment for obesity: Jeonghoon Ha, Jin Yu, Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(4):142-148. Published online October 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e18

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Abstract PDF

The incidence of obesity is increasing throughout the world, including Korea. Liraglutide, the main purpose of which is glucose control, has recently gained significant attention due to its additional effect on weight loss. Liraglutide injections have been widely used as an important treatment for obese patients in Korea. In addition to weight loss, liraglutide has various other effects, such as prevention of cardiovascular disease. Despite its excellent effect on weight loss, notable side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, have also been associated with liraglutide. Despite these side effects, liraglutide has not been discontinued due to its beneficial effects on weight loss. Nonetheless, there are reports wherein patients did not experience weight loss upon taking the drug. As such, there is a possibility of liraglutide misuse and abuse. Therefore, physicians need to have a broad understanding of liraglutide and understand the advantages and disadvantages of liraglutide prescription.

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Natural product-based treatment potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease
Dharmsheel Shrivastav, Satyam Kumar Kumbhakar, Shivangi Srivastava, Desh Deepak Singh
World Journal of Diabetes.2024; 15(7): 1603. CrossRef

Original Article

Effect of the addition of thiazolidinedione to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy on lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data: Taegyun Park, Kyungdo Han, Dongwook Shin, Jongho Park; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(3):114-122. Published online July 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e15

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Abstract PDF

Background
Dyslipidemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that treatment with thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) may help to improve dyslipidemia in T2D patients. In this study, we investigated whether patients treated with TZD and SGLT2-i showed greater improvement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than those treated with only SGLT2-i.
Methods
From the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea, we extracted all patients who first received SGTL2-i from 2014 to 2016. Propensity score matching was performed to balance the two groups: group A (SGTL2-i and TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications) and group B (SGTL2-i only without TZD, regardless of other antidiabetic medications). Posttreatment HDL-C levels were compared by the Student t-test.
Results
In total, 1,400 T2D patients (700 in each group) were matched by propensity score matching. There was a significant posttreatment increase in HDL-C in group A (49.54±20.03 to 51.6±12.92 mg/dL, P=0.007), but not in group B (49.14±13.52 to 49.1±2.15 mg/dL, P=0.937). Group A also showed significantly higher posttreatment HDL-C levels than group B (51.4±12.92 vs. 49.1±12.15 mg/dL, P<0.001). Regarding the secondary endpoints, posttreatment triglyceride levels were lower (P<0.001), but total cholesterol (P=0.131) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.054) were not different after treatment.
Conclusions
The combination of SGTL2-i and TZD may be more effective in ameliorating dyslipidemia in T2D patients than SGLT2-i alone. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

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SGLT2 Inhibitor Use and Risk of Dementia and Parkinson Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Hae Kyung Kim, Geert Jan Biessels, Min Heui Yu, Namki Hong, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Minyoung Lee
Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Green Approach: Optimization of the UPLC Method Using DoE Software for Concurrent Quantification of Pioglitazone and Dapagliflozin in a SNEDDS Formulation for the Treatment of Diabetes
Ehab M. Elzayat, Abdelrahman Y. Sherif, Mohamed W. Attwa, Mohammad A. Altamimi
ACS Omega.2024; 9(45): 45011. CrossRef

Review Article

Severe hypoglycemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: is it preventable?: Seung-Hyun Ko; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(3):106-113. Published online July 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e13

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Abstract PDF: Hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is troublesome and an important barrier to diabetes management. Although more intensive glycemic control is emphasized to prevent diabetes-related long-term complications, it raises the risk of hypoglycemia in people with T2DM. Severe hypoglycemia (SH), defined as critical events characterized by altered mental and/or physical status requiring assistance for recovery, is considered an advanced and life-threatening form of hypoglycemia. The detection of SH is an important issue because it is associated with further adverse clinical outcomes such as cardiovascular events, mortality, cognitive impairment, and decreased quality of life. By identifying the potential risk factors for SH and introducing measures to minimize SH, SH itself and subsequent harmful clinical outcomes could be prevented in people with T2DM. The traditional risk factors for SH in T2DM, such as older age, long-standing diabetes with decreased insulin secretion, advanced vascular complications, serious comorbidities, and insulin use, are usually unmodifiable. However, unhealthy lifestyle factors, defined as current smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and lack of regular exercise, can be improved through active patient education. In recent research, greater adherence to healthy lifestyle factors and any improvement in unhealthy lifestyle habits were found to be associated with a substantially lower risk of SH in individuals with T2DM. As well as being an essential component of diabetes self-care and optimal glycemic control, lifestyle modification probably contributes to the prevention of SH in individuals with T2DM.

Original Articles

Effects of exercise on reducing diabetes risk in Korean women according to menopausal status: Jung-Hwan Cho, Hye-Mi Kwon, Se-Eun Park, Ju-Hwan Yoo, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(2):75-86. Published online April 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e8

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Abstract PDF: Background
Exercise and estrogen play key roles in preventing diabetes and obesity. Women’s risk of diabetes could increase due to the loss of the protective effect of estrogen after menopause. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of the intensity and frequency of exercise with diabetes risk in Korean women.
Methods
Hazard ratios (HRs) for the development of diabetes were analyzed in 926,807 premenopausal and 1,188,346 postmenopausal women without diabetes over the age of 40 who underwent the Korean National Health Examination in 2009 and were followed up until 2018. The number of days of physical activity according to exercise intensity and metabolic equivalent of task-minutes per week (MET-min/wk) were calculated.
Results
In total, 38,096 premenopausal (4.1%) and 120,605 postmenopausal (10.2%) women were newly diagnosed with diabetes. Regardless of menopausal history, the risk of diabetes was significantly lower in groups with higher MET-min/wk than in sedentary participants (0 MET-min/wk, reference), although this effect disappeared in postmenopausal women with the highest level of MET-min/wk (MET-min/wk ≥1,500) after adjusting for all variables (HR, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.02). Participants who exercised for more than 1 day per week had a significantly lower risk of diabetes, regardless of the intensity. However, this benefit was lost in women with near-daily exercise (≥6 days/wk).
Conclusions
Exercise was effective in preventing diabetes in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. A moderate amount of exercise should be actively encouraged to lower the risk of diabetes in women, especially after menopause, while simultaneously considering the insignificant benefits of excessive exercise.

Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in Korean patients with diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study: Inha Jung, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2022;4(1):42-55. Published online January 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e3

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Since a sedentary lifestyle is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), physical activity (PA) is recommended for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients to prevent CVD. We investigated the association between different levels of PA and the risk for CVD and all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM using nationwide data.
Methods
We examined health examination data and claims records of 2,745,637 participants with T2DM at baseline from the Korean National Health Insurance Service who underwent health examinations between 2009 and 2012. We excluded subjects with a history of myocardial infarction or stroke. Each participant was asked to report their weekly PA levels according to three categories: vigorous, moderate, and walking. The incidence of CVD and death was analyzed until 2017.
Results
The risk of CVD was lower in regular exercisers than in nonexercisers after adjusting for confounding variables. A dose-response trend was evident in the association between the degree of PA and CVD risk. All categories of PA were inversely associated with CVD risk and mortality. The reduction in CVD risk and all-cause mortality was more profound in patients aged ≥65 years.
Conclusions
Augmenting PA might have positive effects on the prevention of CVD and all-cause death, especially in the elderly. The benefits of PA were consistently observed in various subgroups regardless of the presence of chronic conditions. Therefore, clinicians should encourage elderly patients with T2DM to increase their daily PA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Incentivised physical activity intervention promoting daily steps among university employees in the workplace through a team-based competition
Ayazullah Safi, Sanjoy Deb, Adam Kelly, Matthew Cole, Natalie Walker, Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of physical activity on incident atrial fibrillation in individuals with varying duration of diabetes: a nationwide population study
JungMin Choi, So‑Ryoung Lee, Eue-Keun Choi, Kyung-Yeon Lee, Hyo-Jeong Ahn, Soonil Kwon, Kyung‑Do Han, Seil Oh, Gregory Y. H. Lip
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Development of a Predictive Model for Glycated Hemoglobin Values and Analysis of the Factors Affecting It: HyeongKyu Park, Da Young Lee, So young Park, Jiyoung Min, Jiwon Shinn, Dae Ho Lee, Soon Hyo Kwon, Hun-Sung Kim, Nan Hee Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2021;3(4):106-114. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2021.3.e14

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Abstract PDF: Background
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflects the patient's blood sugar level, can only be measured in a hospital setting. Therefore, we developed a model predicting HbA1c using personal information and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) data solely obtained by a patient.
Methods
Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was performed at two university hospitals. After measuring the baseline HbA1c level before SMBG (Pre_HbA1c), the SMBG was recorded over a 3-month period. Based on these data, an HbA1c prediction model was developed, and the actual HbA1c value was measured after 3 months. The HbA1c values of the prediction model and actual HbA1c values were compared. Personal information was used in addition to SMBG data to develop the HbA1c predictive model.
Results
Thirty model training sessions and evaluations were conducted using LOOCV. The average mean absolute error of the 30 models was 0.659 (range, 0.005–2.654). Pre_HbA1c had the greatest influence on HbA1c prediction after 3 months, followed by post-breakfast blood glucose level, oral hypoglycemic agent use, fasting glucose level, height, and weight, while insulin use had a limited effect on HbA1c values.
Conclusions
The patient's SMBG data and personal information strongly influenced the HbA1c predictive model. In the future, it will be necessary to develop sophisticated predictive models using large samples for stable SMBG in patients.

Review Article

Diabetes in People with Disabilities: a Call for Action: Inha Jung, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2021;3(4):82-85. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2021.3.e13

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Abstract PDF: Previous researchers have suggested that people with disabilities have a higher prevalence and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus than the general population. As diabetes is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), developing strategies to prevent and delay its occurrence in people with disabilities is important to reduce the burden of CVD. However, people with disabilities are often excluded from studies and have received little attention from public health authorities and researchers. These unmet needs for health care and being left out of research may affect the progression of diabetes in people with disabilities. Herein, we would like to briefly discuss the increased risk of diabetes and related conditions in people with disabilities and suggest that more attention should be given to this population.

Special Article

Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases and Insulin Resistance: Won-Young Lee; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2021;3(2):31-37. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2021.3.e5

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Abstract PDF

Increased inflammation and insulin resistance are commonly observed in obesity and diabetes. Inflammatory mediators secreted by the adipose tissue contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Free fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue inhibit the intracellular insulin signaling pathway, further contributing to the progression of diabetes. Meta-analysis studies show that high sensitivity C-reactive protein can be used as a predictor of future all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular and cancer mortality. In addition to the discovery of novel therapeutic methods targeting inflammatory mediators, basic lifestyle interventions, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and proper weight control, are absolutely crucial for reducing inflammation and preventing mortality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Links between oral microbiome and insulin resistance: Involvement of MAP kinase signaling pathway
Yi-Ru Chang, Wen-Chi Cheng, Ya-Chun Hsiao, Guan-Wei Su, Shan-Jen Lin, Yu-Shan Wei, Hsiu-Chuan Chou, Hsiu-Ping Lin, Guan-Yu Lin, Hong-Lin Chan
Biochimie.2023; 214: 134. CrossRef

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