Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy

Review Articles

Next-generation PCSK9 inhibitors: clinical evidence and future directions for cardiovascular prevention: Hyun-Jin Kim; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(4):141-145. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e17

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Abstract PDF: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a causal and modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and intensive reduction of LDL-C is central to prevention strategies. Meta-analyses have shown that each 1 mmol/L (approximately 38.7 mg/dL) decrease in LDL-C confers about a 22% relative risk reduction in major vascular events, independent of baseline LDL-C levels. Despite the proven efficacy of statins and ezetimibe, many patients fail to reach recommended LDL-C targets due to inadequate response, intolerance, or poor adherence to daily therapy. The development of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors has transformed lipid management, providing substantial LDL-C reduction. Recently, next-generation agents with extended dosing intervals have emerged, including recaticimab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, and inclisiran, a small interfering RNA therapy. Recaticimab binds circulating PCSK9, preventing degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, and achieves sustained LDL-C reductions of about 50% with dosing every 8 to 12 weeks. Inclisiran employs N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-mediated hepatocyte delivery to silence PCSK9 messenger RNA, producing comparable LDL-C reductions with twice-yearly maintenance dosing after an initial loading dose. Their extended dosing schedules offer potential benefits in adherence and long-term lipid control, particularly for high-risk patients who struggle with frequent dosing or have statin intolerance. As outcome data accumulate, these therapies may further reduce residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and become increasingly important in comprehensive prevention strategies.

Characteristics of Patients with Vasospastic Angina in Korea: Data from a Large Cohort (VA-KOREA): Sung Eun Kim, Sang-Ho Jo, Won-Woo Seo, Min-Ho Lee, Hyun-Jin Kim, Seong-Sik Cho, Kwan Yong Lee, Dong-Soo Kim, Tae-Hyun Yang, Sung-Ho Her, Seung Hwan Han, Byoung-Kwon Lee, Youngkeun Ahn, Seung-Woon Rha, Hyeon-Cheol Gwon, Dong-Ju Choi, Sang Hong Baek; Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2021;3(3):47-53. Published online July 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36011/cpp.2021.3.e8

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The Variant Angina Korea (VA-KOREA) registry is a nationwide prospective multicenter registry designed to reflect the real-world clinical data of Korean patients with vasospastic angina (VSA). A total of 2,960 patients with chest pain and presumed VSA who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and an ergonovine provocation test were enrolled. The primary endpoint composite of death from any cause, acute coronary syndrome, and newonset symptomatic arrhythmia during the 3-year follow-up was investigated for patient characteristics, laboratory findings, CAG findings, and medications. This article reviewed the current status of VSA in Korea and new findings from VA-KOREA registries to improve the treatment and prognosis of patients with VSA.

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Systemic Vasculopathy Associated With Homozygous RNF213 Mutation Presenting as Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenosis and Coronary Vasospasm Without Moyamoya Disease: A Case Report
So-Min Lim, Ga Yun Kim, Dayoung Pack, Jang Ho Lee, Jae-Seung Lee, Seongsoo Jang, Jong-Min Song, Dae-Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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